Surveying is the initial step for any project, and there are types.
If an area is small and flat without any undulations, we can use chain surveying and tape measurement. In
The survey involves evaluating land for making maps or plans for construction projects. It helps to narrate the project execution in the right way to avoid the fall of the work in another land.
We have discussed the principles of surveying and types of surveying according to the work to be commenced.
A compass is a small instrument that is used to measure the angle of two points.
The angle of two lines would be derived by using a magnetic meridian reference line (magnetic bearing of a line). Surveying done by a magnetic bearing compass instrument using a traverse method of calculation is known as compass surveying. On-chain surveying, we follow triangulation methods.
The compass survey principles are traversed.
The survey points are connected as a series of lines. It is measured by the magnetic bearing of the compass instrument. The angle between the lines is measured, and the chain measures the length. It is known as the compass traversing.
Compass Traversing computed in two ways such as open traverse and closed traverse.
The compass surveying is classified into two types as per the instruments used in this surveying.
The prismatic compass consists of the following parts
After placing the instrument, the following adjustments need to be made for measuring
SI | Prismatic Compass | Surveyor Compass |
1 | The magnetic needle & the graduated attached when the prism & box in rotation. | The magnetic needle would be free when the dial is attached to the box. |
2 | The graduations are provided in the clockwise direction. 0 to 360 degree | The graduations are divided into 4 quadrants. Each quadrant marked by 0 to 90-degree graduations. |
3 | The readings are taken through the eye-piece of the prism by the south end of the compass. | Reading can be taken directly through the dial where the north end of the needle. |
4 | The initial reading starts from the south end of the instrument. | The initial reading starts from the north end of the instrument. |
5 | The position of East & West constant. | The position of east & west interchanged. |
6 | The tripod is not required, the survey can be done by the instrument held in hand also. | The tripod required placing the instrument. |
7 | We can get the whole circle bearing. | We can get only reduced bearing. |
Errors are common in any type of surveying. It can be classified as
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